{"id":23036,"date":"2025-07-14T23:07:50","date_gmt":"2025-07-15T02:07:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/?p=23036"},"modified":"2025-09-30T16:13:55","modified_gmt":"2025-09-30T19:13:55","slug":"antecedentes-o-que-leva-a-um-golpe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/antecedentes-o-que-leva-a-um-golpe\/","title":{"rendered":"ANTECEDENTES: O que leva a um golpe?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<details class=\"wp-block-details has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#e7fde7\"><summary>\u25b6 Nesta reportagem, voc\u00ea vai ver:<\/summary>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#Imagin\u00e1rio-fascista\">Imagin\u00e1rio Fascista<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Populismo-reacion\u00e1rio\">Populismo Reacion\u00e1rio<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Surgimento-e-ascens\u00e3o-do-Bolsonarismo\">Surgimento e ascens\u00e3o do Bolsonarismo<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Entenda-como-aconteceu-esse-processo\">Caminho desde as manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es de 2013 at\u00e9  bolsonarismo<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Do-Bolsonarismo-ao-golpe\">Caminho do Bolsonarismo \u00e0 tentativa de golpe <\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#O-apoio-popular-ao-8-de-janeiro-e-ao-bolsonarismo\">O apoio popular ao 8 de janeiro e ao bolsonarismo<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Contexto-internacional\">Contexto internacional da extrema direita<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#A-extrema-direita\">Afinal, o que \u00e9 extrema direita?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O Brasil viveu em 8 de janeiro de 2023 um dos epis\u00f3dios mais graves de sua hist\u00f3ria democr\u00e1tica. A invas\u00e3o e depreda\u00e7\u00e3o das sedes dos Tr\u00eas Poderes em Bras\u00edlia, por apoiadores do <a href=\"https:\/\/share.google\/Vz4JuaHofsk5zffy5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ex-presidente Jair Messias Bolsonaro (PL<\/a>), escancarou uma tentativa de golpe de Estado que vinha sendo desenhada h\u00e1 anos, conforme a <a href=\"https:\/\/share.google\/2bsleSI0tR6ImgOIC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">den\u00fancia da Procuradoria-Geral da Rep\u00fablica (PGR).<\/a> A cena do caos no Distrito Federal foi apenas o \u00e1pice de uma sequ\u00eancia de ataques \u00e0s institui\u00e7\u00f5es democr\u00e1ticas. Esses ataques marcaram a gest\u00e3o Bolsonaro e tamb\u00e9m de um plano que envolveria atentar contra a vida de autoridades, como explicam os entrevistados pelo Colab. O discurso autorit\u00e1rio, a desinforma\u00e7\u00e3o sistem\u00e1tica e a constante amea\u00e7a \u00e0s regras do jogo pol\u00edtico criaram o terreno f\u00e9rtil para que a ruptura institucional quase se concretizasse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00e1rios fatores levaram ao extremismo e a a\u00e7\u00f5es antidemocr\u00e1ticas e o mais vis\u00edvel \u00e9 o bolsonarismo. Ele garantiu for\u00e7as e oportunidades para que fosse poss\u00edvel a a\u00e7\u00e3o antidemocr\u00e1tica do 8 de janeiro. Para a doutora em Ci\u00eancias da Comunica\u00e7\u00e3o, professora de Jornalismo e pesquisadora da linha de Poder e Processos Sociot\u00e9cnicos do <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pucminas.br\/pos\/fca\/Paginas\/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">PPGCOM da PUC Minas<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/somos.pucminas.br\/professor\/nara-lya-cabral-scabin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nara Scabin<\/a>, esse movimento se define por uma forma espec\u00edfica de mobiliza\u00e7\u00e3o social constru\u00edda principalmente por meio das redes sociais. E n\u00e3o tem, necessariamente, um conjunto de pautas pol\u00edticas ou ideol\u00f3gicas espec\u00edficas ou coesas. Mobiliza e sintetiza v\u00e1rios discursos no campo da direita e da extrema-direita, como o neoliberalismo, a ideologia reacion\u00e1ria no campo religioso, cultural e dos costumes, al\u00e9m da ideia de guerra civil.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/1.Photo-by-Buda-Mendes_Getty-Images-Getty-Images.webp\"><img data-dominant-color=\"5f594a\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #5f594a;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/1.Photo-by-Buda-Mendes_Getty-Images-Getty-Images-1024x512.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23366 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/1.Photo-by-Buda-Mendes_Getty-Images-Getty-Images-1024x512.webp 1024w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/1.Photo-by-Buda-Mendes_Getty-Images-Getty-Images-300x150.webp 300w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/1.Photo-by-Buda-Mendes_Getty-Images-Getty-Images-768x384.webp 768w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/1.Photo-by-Buda-Mendes_Getty-Images-Getty-Images-1536x768.webp 1536w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/1.Photo-by-Buda-Mendes_Getty-Images-Getty-Images-2048x1024.webp 2048w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/1.Photo-by-Buda-Mendes_Getty-Images-Getty-Images-370x185.webp 370w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/1.Photo-by-Buda-Mendes_Getty-Images-Getty-Images-270x135.webp 270w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/1.Photo-by-Buda-Mendes_Getty-Images-Getty-Images-570x285.webp 570w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/1.Photo-by-Buda-Mendes_Getty-Images-Getty-Images-740x370.webp 740w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/1.Photo-by-Buda-Mendes_Getty-Images-Getty-Images-150x75.webp 150w\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">O movimento bolsonarista se define por uma forma espec\u00edfica de mobiliza\u00e7\u00e3o social \/ Foto: Buda Mendes &#8211; Getty <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Para <a href=\"https:\/\/somos.ufmg.br\/professor\/camilo-de-oliveira-aggio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Camilo Aggio<\/a>, professor e pesquisador do Departamento de Comunica\u00e7\u00e3o da UFMG, o bolsonarismo se tornou uma iconografia da extrema direita brasileira. Isso acontece mesmo que seja poss\u00edvel identificar alguns personagens que n\u00e3o estejam vinculados claramente a Bolsonaro, mas que representam posi\u00e7\u00f5es profundamente similares, como <a href=\"https:\/\/share.google\/h2URzGcSMQLjxJ8pB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pablo Mar\u00e7al (PRDB)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Al\u00e9m disso, h\u00e1 forte moralismo no voto em Bolsonaro ou outros candidatos que s\u00e3o identificados como de extrema direita dentro do bolsonarismo. \u201cN\u00e3o \u00e9 \u00e0 toa que a gente tem no neopentecostalismo uma base muito fiel ao bolsonarismo. Existem muitas raz\u00f5es, mas uma coisa que os une \u00e9 o ultra moralismo e a quest\u00e3o das pautas morais\u201d, afirma Camillo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Imagin\u00e1rio-fascista\">Imagin\u00e1rio fascista<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.escavador.com\/sobre\/6711834\/demian-bezerra-de-melo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Demian Melo<\/a>, doutor em Hist\u00f3ria, pesquisador do fascismo e do fen\u00f4meno bolsonarista, que foi colaborador da <a href=\"https:\/\/cnv.memoriasreveladas.gov.br\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Comiss\u00e3o Nacional da Verdade<\/a>, ainda observa outro ingrediente ao Bolsonarismo: o fascismo. \u201cO fascismo s\u00f3 triunfa quando a ordem vigente, diante de uma situa\u00e7\u00e3o de crise, permite a normaliza\u00e7\u00e3o de uma lideran\u00e7a fascista e abre a porta do pal\u00e1cio\u201d, explica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2.Reproducao-X-de-Bolsonaro-2.webp\"><img data-dominant-color=\"2e697c\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #2e697c;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"786\" height=\"1024\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 786px) 100vw, 786px\" src=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2.Reproducao-X-de-Bolsonaro-2-786x1024.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23371 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2.Reproducao-X-de-Bolsonaro-2-786x1024.webp 786w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2.Reproducao-X-de-Bolsonaro-2-230x300.webp 230w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2.Reproducao-X-de-Bolsonaro-2-768x1001.webp 768w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2.Reproducao-X-de-Bolsonaro-2-370x482.webp 370w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2.Reproducao-X-de-Bolsonaro-2-270x352.webp 270w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2.Reproducao-X-de-Bolsonaro-2-570x743.webp 570w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2.Reproducao-X-de-Bolsonaro-2-740x964.webp 740w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2.Reproducao-X-de-Bolsonaro-2-150x195.webp 150w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2.Reproducao-X-de-Bolsonaro-2.webp 812w\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Parte da antiga capa do &#8220;x&#8221; de Bolsonaro<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/3.Deus_patria_e_familia_003.webp\"><img data-dominant-color=\"c2b1a4\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"339\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" src=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/3.Deus_patria_e_familia_003.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23368 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #c2b1a4; width:271px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/3.Deus_patria_e_familia_003.webp 250w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/3.Deus_patria_e_familia_003-221x300.webp 221w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/3.Deus_patria_e_familia_003-150x203.webp 150w\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Documento da &#8220;Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Brasil Livre&#8221;. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Ainda que nem toda figura autorit\u00e1ria ou \u00e9poca de repress\u00e3o devam ser consideradas fascistas, Demian diz haver um aspecto recorrente do fascismo no bolsonarismo, que \u00e9 a estrat\u00e9gia de guerra civil. \u201cS\u00f3 existe ascens\u00e3o do fascismo em situa\u00e7\u00f5es de crise. Quando a tens\u00e3o ocorre, h\u00e1 sempre um diagn\u00f3stico de que a na\u00e7\u00e3o foi maculada, corrompida\u201d. Ele acrescenta que h\u00e1 uma persegui\u00e7\u00e3o contra a corrup\u00e7\u00e3o, mas n\u00e3o uma corrup\u00e7\u00e3o monet\u00e1ria, mas sim, moral. No imagin\u00e1rio fascista, as for\u00e7as divisivas que corromperam a na\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o, de modo geral, a esquerda.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capturar-2.webp\"><img data-dominant-color=\"535742\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"622\" height=\"410\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 622px) 100vw, 622px\" src=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capturar-2.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23387 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #535742; width:365px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capturar-2.webp 622w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capturar-2-300x198.webp 300w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capturar-2-370x244.webp 370w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capturar-2-270x178.webp 270w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capturar-2-570x376.webp 570w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capturar-2-150x99.webp 150w\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Bolsonaro coloca o comunismo como amea\u00e7a, levando ao caos e fidelidade de parcelas da popula\u00e7\u00e3o<br>Mauro Pimentel \/ AFP<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>J\u00e1 o professor do Departamento de Ci\u00eancia Pol\u00edtica da Uerj <a href=\"https:\/\/iesp.uerj.br\/pesquisador\/paulo-henrique-paschoeto-cassimiro-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Paulo Henrique Cassimiro <\/a>explica que todo regime de exce\u00e7\u00e3o, como a ditadura que as For\u00e7as Armadas colocou em pr\u00e1tica em 1964, tem que construir uma narrativa de que aquela sociedade est\u00e1 em risco. Para isso, precisa usar os expedientes excepcionais contra os advers\u00e1rios, tratados como inimigos. Isso leva \u00e0 viola\u00e7\u00e3o grave de direitos humanos e ao terrorismo de Estado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bolsonaro reproduz essa l\u00f3gica, colocando o comunismo e o petismo &#8211; que ele trata erroneamente como sin\u00f4nimos &#8211; como uma amea\u00e7a \u00e0 sociedade brasileira patriarcal, conservadora, heteronormativa. \u201cA diferen\u00e7a \u00e9 que o Bolsonaro n\u00e3o tem os instrumentos do terrorismo de Estado que a ditadura militar tinha, sen\u00e3o ele teria colocado em pr\u00e1tica tamb\u00e9m essas persegui\u00e7\u00f5es\u201d, reflete Cassimiro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Durante os quatro anos de governo, Bolsonaro literalmente armou a base social de apoio. A pol\u00edtica armamentista de que o cidad\u00e3o de bem tem que ter arma para autoprote\u00e7\u00e3o, segundo Demian, \u00e9 um prop\u00f3sito insurrecional, com o prop\u00f3sito de guerra civil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Populismo-reacion\u00e1rio\">Populismo reacion\u00e1rio<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p>O que torna um populismo reacion\u00e1rio \u00e9 justamente o fato de que essa ideia de povo passa por uma concep\u00e7\u00e3o ideol\u00f3gica de que o povo \u00e9 definido como um grupo tradicional caracterizado por rela\u00e7\u00f5es familiares, de g\u00eanero, de cultura.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-text-color has-link-color has-normal-font-size wp-elements-ef3deb28871f429d4902285ef6da7fe0\" style=\"color:#1b8f5b\">Paulo Henrique Cassimiro, professor do departamento de Ci\u00eancia Pol\u00edtica da Uerj<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>O Bolsonarismo ainda se enquadra em um fen\u00f4meno chamado de populismo de direita, que, para a professora Nara Scabin, representa uma resposta ao percept\u00edvel colapso do capitalismo neoliberal. Os populismos de extrema direita, que se apresentam como formas de representar os interesses do povo, na pr\u00e1tica, s\u00f3 d\u00e3o conta de atender aos anseios da minoria fora das camadas populares e das classes trabalhadoras, explica. \u201cO neoliberalismo n\u00e3o d\u00e1 conta de garantir boas condi\u00e7\u00f5es de vida \u00e0s pessoas, logo a democracia \u00e9 insuficiente. Ou, pelo menos, est\u00e1 falhando em garantir dignidade para as pessoas.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O populismo \u00e9 uma performance pol\u00edtica, segundo Cassimiro, fundamentado num discurso que pode ser ideologicamente muito diverso, mas num discurso que tem uma caracter\u00edstica estrutural, o fato de que o populista sempre se reivindica como representante de um povo aut\u00eantico contra uma elite pol\u00edtica corrupta.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/bolsonaro-leite-condensado-27ago2023.webp\"><img data-dominant-color=\"b0aaa2\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"871\" height=\"1024\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 871px) 100vw, 871px\" src=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/bolsonaro-leite-condensado-27ago2023-871x1024.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23389 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #b0aaa2; width:319px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/bolsonaro-leite-condensado-27ago2023-871x1024.webp 871w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/bolsonaro-leite-condensado-27ago2023-255x300.webp 255w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/bolsonaro-leite-condensado-27ago2023-768x902.webp 768w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/bolsonaro-leite-condensado-27ago2023-370x435.webp 370w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/bolsonaro-leite-condensado-27ago2023-270x317.webp 270w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/bolsonaro-leite-condensado-27ago2023-570x670.webp 570w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/bolsonaro-leite-condensado-27ago2023-740x870.webp 740w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/bolsonaro-leite-condensado-27ago2023-150x176.webp 150w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/bolsonaro-leite-condensado-27ago2023.webp 1040w\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Passar imagem de humildade e tentar se distanciar das elites pol\u00edticas s\u00e3o algumas das estrat\u00e9gias de Bolsonaro. Foto: reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o X<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/share.google\/nAqYF6JdSGnukMEUX\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Get\u00falio Vargas<\/a> \u00e9 a figura considerada populista com mais destaque. Mas no in\u00edcio da d\u00e9cada de 2000, quando <a href=\"https:\/\/share.google\/bqdmsqOchiC7Kzps2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva (PT)<\/a> ascendeu \u00e0 Presid\u00eancia, tamb\u00e9m foi considerado populista, ainda que suas pr\u00e1ticas tenham sido bastante distintas. No caso, as pol\u00edticas de mobilidade social e distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de renda implementadas nos governos do PT eram mal-vistas por setores das elites e tidas como populistas.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As direitas aprenderam a tamb\u00e9m se aproximar das bases, mas por perspectiva diferente. A tentativa de se comunicar diretamente com o eleitor por meio das redes sociais, atacando os meios de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o tradicionais, passar imagem de humildade, usar vocabul\u00e1rio simples e tentar se distanciar das elites pol\u00edticas s\u00e3o algumas das estrat\u00e9gias de Bolsonaro, que alimentou um novo tipo de populismo, como Cassimiro intitula em seu livro <a href=\"https:\/\/a.co\/d\/bgCA2FS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>O Populismo Reacion\u00e1rio<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Surgimento-e-ascens\u00e3o-do-Bolsonarismo\">Surgimento e ascens\u00e3o do Bolsonarismo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>No Brasil h\u00e1 um arranjo social herdado do per\u00edodo colonial na forma como as elites se organizam, assim como um processo de militariza\u00e7\u00e3o da pol\u00edtica. \u201cH\u00e1 uma tentativa por parte das for\u00e7as militares de atuar politicamente, fazendo uma pol\u00edtica conservadora e reacion\u00e1ria, voltada aos interesses das elites, procurando projetar um protagonismo pol\u00edtico\u201d, explica Nara Scabin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A extrema direita do Brasil n\u00e3o surge com o bolsonarismo, mas se fortalece com ele. Como <a href=\"https:\/\/share.google\/RboKIyyNaR302BIyc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Leonardo Avritzer<\/a> explica no livro <a href=\"https:\/\/a.co\/d\/7NM4jZ9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>O P\u00eandulo da Democracia<\/em><\/a>, o sistema brasileiro oscila entre democracia e autoritarismo. A ditadura militar, por exemplo, foi uma \u00e9poca de grandes retrocessos institucionais at\u00e9 1985. Depois de um curto per\u00edodo democr\u00e1tico, em 2013 a pol\u00edtica volta a abrir espa\u00e7o para uma nova onda extremista, que permitiu o nascimento do bolsonarismo.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Para Camilo Aggio, a semente do bolsonarismo remonta aos <a href=\"https:\/\/share.google\/xnskVhRJ15WAQtqtX\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">protestos de junho de 2013<\/a>, com a queda da popularidade da ent\u00e3o presidenta <a href=\"https:\/\/share.google\/y3Y8pSjqXNFwjwCOh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Dilma (PT)<\/a> e de um levante antipetista, que ser\u00e1 surfado por Jair Bolsonaro a partir de 2016.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background\" style=\"background-color:#e7fde7\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-842ea0656babb34debd06a2a81ae352a\" id=\"Entenda-como-aconteceu-esse-processo\" style=\"color:#1b8f5b\"><strong>Entenda como aconteceu esse processo<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"n2-section-smartslider fitvidsignore  n2_clear\" data-ssid=\"174\"><div id=\"n2-ss-174-align\" class=\"n2-ss-align\"><div class=\"n2-padding\"><div id=\"n2-ss-174\" data-creator=\"Smart Slider 3\" data-responsive=\"auto\" class=\"n2-ss-slider n2-ow n2-has-hover n2notransition  \">\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"n2-ss-slider-wrapper-outside\" style=\"grid-template-rows:1fr auto\"><div class=\"n2-ss-slider-wrapper-inside\">\n        <div class=\"n2-ss-slider-1 n2_ss__touch_element n2-ow\">\n            <div class=\"n2-ss-slider-2 n2-ow\">\n                                                <div class=\"n2-ss-slider-3 n2-ow\">\n\n                    <div class=\"n2-ss-slide-backgrounds n2-ow-all\"><div class=\"n2-ss-slide-background\" data-public-id=\"1\" data-mode=\"fill\"><div class=\"n2-ss-slide-background-image\" data-blur=\"0\" data-opacity=\"100\" data-x=\"50\" data-y=\"50\" data-alt=\"\" data-title=\"\"><picture class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/MPL.webp\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><\/picture><\/div><div data-color=\"RGBA(255,255,255,0)\" style=\"background-color: RGBA(255,255,255,0);\" class=\"n2-ss-slide-background-color\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-slide-background\" data-public-id=\"2\" data-mode=\"fill\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class=\"n2-ss-slide-background-image\" data-blur=\"0\" data-opacity=\"100\" data-x=\"50\" data-y=\"50\" data-alt=\"\" data-title=\"\"><picture class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Marcos-Santos.webp\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><\/picture><\/div><div data-color=\"RGBA(255,255,255,0)\" style=\"background-color: RGBA(255,255,255,0);\" class=\"n2-ss-slide-background-color\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-slide-background\" data-public-id=\"3\" data-mode=\"fill\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class=\"n2-ss-slide-background-image\" data-blur=\"0\" data-opacity=\"100\" data-x=\"50\" data-y=\"50\" data-alt=\"\" data-title=\"\"><picture class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/mpl-4-1.webp\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><\/picture><\/div><div data-color=\"RGBA(255,255,255,0)\" style=\"background-color: RGBA(255,255,255,0);\" class=\"n2-ss-slide-background-color\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-slide-background\" data-public-id=\"4\" data-mode=\"fill\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class=\"n2-ss-slide-background-image\" data-blur=\"0\" data-opacity=\"100\" data-x=\"48\" data-y=\"100\" data-alt=\"\" data-title=\"\" style=\"--ss-o-pos-x:48%;--ss-o-pos-y:100%\"><picture class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Ramiro-Furquim.webp\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><\/picture><\/div><div data-color=\"RGBA(255,255,255,0)\" style=\"background-color: RGBA(255,255,255,0);\" class=\"n2-ss-slide-background-color\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-slide-background\" data-public-id=\"5\" data-mode=\"fill\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class=\"n2-ss-slide-background-image\" data-blur=\"0\" data-opacity=\"100\" data-x=\"46\" data-y=\"100\" data-alt=\"\" data-title=\"\" style=\"--ss-o-pos-x:46%;--ss-o-pos-y:100%\"><picture class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Daniel-Teixeira-Estadao-Conteudo.webp\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><\/picture><\/div><div data-color=\"RGBA(255,255,255,0)\" style=\"background-color: RGBA(255,255,255,0);\" class=\"n2-ss-slide-background-color\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-slide-background\" data-public-id=\"6\" data-mode=\"fill\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class=\"n2-ss-slide-background-image\" data-blur=\"0\" data-opacity=\"100\" data-x=\"52\" data-y=\"100\" data-alt=\"\" data-title=\"\" style=\"--ss-o-pos-x:52%;--ss-o-pos-y:100%\"><picture class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2016-Guilherme-Santos.webp\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><\/picture><\/div><div data-color=\"RGBA(255,255,255,0)\" style=\"background-color: RGBA(255,255,255,0);\" class=\"n2-ss-slide-background-color\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-slide-background\" data-public-id=\"7\" data-mode=\"fill\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class=\"n2-ss-slide-background-image\" data-blur=\"0\" data-opacity=\"100\" data-x=\"50\" data-y=\"50\" data-alt=\"\" data-title=\"\"><picture class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image_processing20200201-29235-riipmv-750x530-1.webp\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><\/picture><\/div><div data-color=\"RGBA(255,255,255,0)\" style=\"background-color: RGBA(255,255,255,0);\" class=\"n2-ss-slide-background-color\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-slide-background\" data-public-id=\"8\" data-mode=\"fill\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class=\"n2-ss-slide-background-image\" data-blur=\"0\" data-opacity=\"100\" data-x=\"50\" data-y=\"50\" data-alt=\"\" data-title=\"\"><picture class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/18086714.webp\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><\/picture><\/div><div data-color=\"RGBA(255,255,255,0)\" style=\"background-color: RGBA(255,255,255,0);\" class=\"n2-ss-slide-background-color\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>                    <div class=\"n2-ss-slider-4 n2-ow\">\n                        <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 600\" data-related-device=\"desktopPortrait\" class=\"n2-ow n2-ss-preserve-size n2-ss-preserve-size--slider n2-ss-slide-limiter\"><\/svg><div data-first=\"1\" data-slide-duration=\"0\" data-id=\"945\" data-slide-public-id=\"1\" data-title=\"MPL\" data-description=\"Manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es iniciaram em junho de 2013 \/ Foto: MPL\" class=\"n2-ss-slide n2-ow  n2-ss-slide-945\"><div role=\"note\" class=\"n2-ss-slide--focus\" tabindex=\"-1\">MPL<\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-layers-container n2-ss-slide-limiter n2-ow\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-syOnOuabbV4o\" data-sstype=\"slide\" data-pm=\"default\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-slide-duration=\"0\" data-id=\"949\" data-slide-public-id=\"2\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-title=\"Marcos Santos\" data-description=\"No in\u00edcio, manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es eram organizadas pelo MPL \/ Foto: Marcos Santos\" class=\"n2-ss-slide n2-ow  n2-ss-slide-949\"><div role=\"note\" class=\"n2-ss-slide--focus\" tabindex=\"-1\">Marcos Santos<\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-layers-container n2-ss-slide-limiter n2-ow\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-YYD70wapRmnB\" data-sstype=\"slide\" data-pm=\"default\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-slide-duration=\"0\" data-id=\"951\" data-slide-public-id=\"3\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-title=\"mpl-4 (1)\" data-description=\"O principal lema das manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es, era: &quot;por uma vida sem catracadas&quot; \/ Foto: MPL\" class=\"n2-ss-slide n2-ow  n2-ss-slide-951\"><div role=\"note\" class=\"n2-ss-slide--focus\" tabindex=\"-1\">mpl-4 (1)<\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-layers-container n2-ss-slide-limiter n2-ow\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-3qcgJwSoaqc8\" data-sstype=\"slide\" data-pm=\"default\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-slide-duration=\"0\" data-id=\"964\" data-slide-public-id=\"4\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-title=\"Ramiro Furquim\" data-description=\"Foto: Ramiro Furquim\" class=\"n2-ss-slide n2-ow  n2-ss-slide-964\"><div role=\"note\" class=\"n2-ss-slide--focus\" tabindex=\"-1\">Ramiro Furquim<\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-layers-container n2-ss-slide-limiter n2-ow\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-sNYIYRoQDopP\" data-sstype=\"slide\" data-pm=\"default\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-slide-duration=\"0\" data-id=\"961\" data-slide-public-id=\"5\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-title=\"Daniel Teixeira-Estad\u00e3o Conte\u00fado\" data-description=\"Na foto, Integrantes e simpatizantes do Movimento Brasil Livre (MBL) se re\u00fanem no v\u00e3o livre do Masp, na Avenida Paulista, em S\u00e3o Paulo. Ao longo das manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es, outras pessoas se apropriaram e integraram o movimento, trazendo outras pautas. \nFoto: Fonte: Daniel Teixeira\/Estad\u00e3o \" class=\"n2-ss-slide n2-ow  n2-ss-slide-961\"><div role=\"note\" class=\"n2-ss-slide--focus\" tabindex=\"-1\">Daniel Teixeira-Estad\u00e3o Conte\u00fado<\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-layers-container n2-ss-slide-limiter n2-ow\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-nhYoRArlsDXu\" data-sstype=\"slide\" data-pm=\"default\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-slide-duration=\"0\" data-id=\"963\" data-slide-public-id=\"6\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-title=\"2016 Guilherme Santos\" data-description=\"Fonte: Guilherme Santos (2016)\nAp\u00f3s coopta\u00e7\u00e3o das manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es por diversos grupos, o movimento se estendeu por cerca de tr\u00eas anos, e deu in\u00edcio ao processo de impeachment de Dilma Rouseff \" class=\"n2-ss-slide n2-ow  n2-ss-slide-963\"><div role=\"note\" class=\"n2-ss-slide--focus\" tabindex=\"-1\">2016 Guilherme Santos<\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-layers-container n2-ss-slide-limiter n2-ow\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-JBSqAns0w69q\" data-sstype=\"slide\" data-pm=\"default\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-slide-duration=\"0\" data-id=\"965\" data-slide-public-id=\"7\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-title=\"image_processing20200201-29235-riipmv-750x530\" data-description=\"(2016): manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es antipetistas \/ Foto: Rovena Rosa\/Ag\u00eancia Brasil\" class=\"n2-ss-slide n2-ow  n2-ss-slide-965\"><div role=\"note\" class=\"n2-ss-slide--focus\" tabindex=\"-1\">image_processing20200201-29235-riipmv-750&#215;530<\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-layers-container n2-ss-slide-limiter n2-ow\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-XQVNg961BJjL\" data-sstype=\"slide\" data-pm=\"default\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-slide-duration=\"0\" data-id=\"966\" data-slide-public-id=\"8\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-title=\"18086714\" data-description=\"(2016) A entrada de outros movimentos al\u00e9m do Movimento Passe Livre deu in\u00edcio \u00e0 polariza\u00e7\u00e3o pol\u00edtica que perdura at\u00e9 hoje \/ Foto: J\u00falio Cordeiro \/ Agencia RBS\" class=\"n2-ss-slide n2-ow  n2-ss-slide-966\"><div role=\"note\" class=\"n2-ss-slide--focus\" tabindex=\"-1\">18086714<\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-layers-container n2-ss-slide-limiter n2-ow\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-Ui0RXuQKeWkc\" data-sstype=\"slide\" data-pm=\"default\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"n2-ss-slider-controls n2-ss-slider-controls-absolute-left-center\"><div style=\"--widget-offset:15px;\" class=\"n2-ss-widget nextend-arrow n2-ow-all nextend-arrow-previous  nextend-arrow-animated-fade\" data-hide-mobileportrait=\"1\" id=\"n2-ss-174-arrow-previous\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"previous arrow\" tabindex=\"0\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMzIiIGhlaWdodD0iMzIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAzMiAzMiIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj4KICAgIDxwYXRoIGQ9Ik0xMS40MzMgMTUuOTkyTDIyLjY5IDUuNzEyYy4zOTMtLjM5LjM5My0xLjAzIDAtMS40Mi0uMzkzLS4zOS0xLjAzLS4zOS0xLjQyMyAwbC0xMS45OCAxMC45NGMtLjIxLjIxLS4zLjQ5LS4yODUuNzYtLjAxNS4yOC4wNzUuNTYuMjg0Ljc3bDExLjk4IDEwLjk0Yy4zOTMuMzkgMS4wMy4zOSAxLjQyNCAwIC4zOTMtLjQuMzkzLTEuMDMgMC0xLjQybC0xMS4yNTctMTAuMjkiCiAgICAgICAgICBmaWxsPSIjZmZmZmZmIiBvcGFjaXR5PSIwLjgiIGZpbGwtcnVsZT0iZXZlbm9kZCIvPgo8L3N2Zz4=\" alt=\"previous arrow\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-slider-controls n2-ss-slider-controls-absolute-right-center\"><div style=\"--widget-offset:15px;\" class=\"n2-ss-widget nextend-arrow n2-ow-all nextend-arrow-next  nextend-arrow-animated-fade\" data-hide-mobileportrait=\"1\" id=\"n2-ss-174-arrow-next\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"next arrow\" tabindex=\"0\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,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\" alt=\"next arrow\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-slider-controls n2-ss-slider-controls-absolute-center-bottom\"><div style=\"--widget-offset:30px;text-align: center;width:100%;\" class=\"n2-ss-widget n2-ss-widget-display-hover nextend-bar nextend-bar-horizontal n2-ss-widget-hidden n2-ow-all\"><div class=\"n2-style-3745c27e4cee514fb93ac00b0ec9858c-simple \" style=\"display: inline-block;\"><span class=\"n2-font-86860a54b7064aeda4451b2de9b363f3-simple \">&nbsp;<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-slider-controls n2-ss-slider-controls-below\"><div data-width-percent=\"100\" class=\"n2-ss-widget nextend-thumbnail nextend-thumbnail-default nextend-thumbnail-horizontal n2-ow-all\" data-hide-mobileportrait=\"1\" style=\"width:100%;\" data-has-next=\"0\" data-has-previous=\"0\"><div class=\"nextend-thumbnail-inner n2-style-f58d52632d016e4532dc73de3ceef8d2-simple \"><div class=\"nextend-thumbnail-scroller n2-align-content-start\" style=\"grid-template-rows:repeat(1, 1fr)\"><div class=\"n2-thumbnail-dot n2-style-8ad5048b81c3c254e5a4ea951ba18f46-dot \" data-slide-public-id=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"MPL\" tabindex=\"0\"><picture class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"MPL\" src=\"\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/MPL.webp\" width=\"100\" height=\"60\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\" \/><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"n2-thumbnail-dot n2-style-8ad5048b81c3c254e5a4ea951ba18f46-dot \" data-slide-public-id=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Marcos Santos\" tabindex=\"0\"><picture class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Marcos Santos\" src=\"\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Marcos-Santos.webp\" width=\"100\" height=\"60\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\" \/><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"n2-thumbnail-dot n2-style-8ad5048b81c3c254e5a4ea951ba18f46-dot \" data-slide-public-id=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"mpl-4 (1)\" tabindex=\"0\"><picture class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"mpl-4 (1)\" src=\"\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/mpl-4-1.webp\" width=\"100\" height=\"60\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\" \/><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"n2-thumbnail-dot n2-style-8ad5048b81c3c254e5a4ea951ba18f46-dot \" data-slide-public-id=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Ramiro Furquim\" tabindex=\"0\"><picture class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ramiro Furquim\" src=\"\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Ramiro-Furquim.webp\" width=\"100\" height=\"60\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\" \/><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"n2-thumbnail-dot n2-style-8ad5048b81c3c254e5a4ea951ba18f46-dot \" data-slide-public-id=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Daniel Teixeira-Estad\u00e3o Conte\u00fado\" tabindex=\"0\"><picture class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Daniel Teixeira-Estad\u00e3o Conte\u00fado\" src=\"\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Daniel-Teixeira-Estadao-Conteudo.webp\" width=\"100\" height=\"60\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\" \/><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"n2-thumbnail-dot n2-style-8ad5048b81c3c254e5a4ea951ba18f46-dot \" data-slide-public-id=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"2016 Guilherme Santos\" tabindex=\"0\"><picture class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"2016 Guilherme Santos\" src=\"\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2016-Guilherme-Santos.webp\" width=\"100\" height=\"60\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\" \/><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"n2-thumbnail-dot n2-style-8ad5048b81c3c254e5a4ea951ba18f46-dot \" data-slide-public-id=\"7\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"image_processing20200201-29235-riipmv-750x530\" tabindex=\"0\"><picture class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"image_processing20200201-29235-riipmv-750x530\" src=\"\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image_processing20200201-29235-riipmv-750x530-1.webp\" width=\"100\" height=\"60\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\" \/><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"n2-thumbnail-dot n2-style-8ad5048b81c3c254e5a4ea951ba18f46-dot \" data-slide-public-id=\"8\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"18086714\" tabindex=\"0\"><picture class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"18086714\" src=\"\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/18086714.webp\" width=\"100\" height=\"60\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\" \/><\/picture><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nextend-thumbnail-button nextend-thumbnail-previous\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"26\" height=\"26\" style=\"width:26px;transform:rotateZ(-90deg);\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\" 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class=\"n2_clear\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Em junho de 2013, manifestantes do <a href=\"https:\/\/share.google\/iQ1R585WszdgNZFym\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Movimento Passe Livre (MPL)<\/a> ocuparam as ruas de S\u00e3o Paulo em resposta ao aumento na passagem dos \u00f4nibus. Os atos foram fortemente reprimidos pelas for\u00e7as policiais e, inicialmente, a m\u00eddia hegem\u00f4nica taxou os manifestantes de v\u00e2ndalos e baderneiros. Todavia, coberturas ao v\u00edvo como a do <a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/@MidiaNINJA\/ninja-2013-f6d5618375b2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">M\u00eddia Ninja<\/a> mostravam o outro lado dos protestos pelas m\u00eddias sociais.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es passaram a ocorrer em outras cidades do pa\u00eds e ganharam vulto. O crescimento das pautas se multiplicou da mesma forma, incluindo desde redu\u00e7\u00e3o de pre\u00e7o da passagem e melhorias na sa\u00fade e educa\u00e7\u00e3o a ataques \u00e0s institui\u00e7\u00f5es e pedidos de interven\u00e7\u00e3o militar. Com o afastamento do MPL, quem ganhou protagonismo defendendo pautas de teor anti-corrup\u00e7\u00e3o foi um grupo com sigla parecida, o <a href=\"https:\/\/mbl.org.br\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Movimento Brasil Livre (MBL)<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O movimento que come\u00e7ou contra o aumento das tarifas de \u00f4nibus acabou tomando forma de uma &#8220;indigna\u00e7\u00e3o coletiva&#8221;, sem unidade de lideran\u00e7a ou tema central.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Radicaliza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Parte dos militantes de esquerda deixaram as avenidas devido \u00e0 discord\u00e2ncia com as pautas de interven\u00e7\u00e3o militar e com o acirramento das disputas. O MPL tamb\u00e9m se retirou do movimento repudiando a hostilidade com os partidos pol\u00edticos e as pautas conservadoras que se infiltraram no movimento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ao contr\u00e1rio de interpreta\u00e7\u00f5es que veem esses protestos como um movimento de direita desde seu in\u00edcio, \u00e9 preciso entender que a direita surgiu como uma rea\u00e7\u00e3o conservadora ao car\u00e1ter progressista das manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es originais.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Se em 2013 a direita ainda n\u00e3o tinha protagonismo nas ruas, a partir de 2014 come\u00e7ou um processo claro de organiza\u00e7\u00e3o e radicaliza\u00e7\u00e3o conservadora.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>\u201cA direita foi para a rua e n\u00e3o saiu mais.\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-text-color has-link-color has-normal-font-size wp-elements-7665fa76b8bf72047d861e9e2a857f6e\" style=\"color:#1b8f5b\"><strong>Camilo Aggio, professor e pesquisador da UFMG<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Olavismo<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>O surgimento e a difus\u00e3o de teorias conspirat\u00f3rias, especialmente a do &#8220;marxismo cultural&#8221;, promovida por figuras como <a href=\"https:\/\/share.google\/0KiBNlfVPGdvm7lkt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Olavo de Carvalho<\/a>, foram impulsionadores para esse crescimento da ultra-direita. Essa narrativa, adaptada de ideias da extrema-direita internacional, acusava a esquerda de promover uma suposta destrui\u00e7\u00e3o dos valores tradicionais, como da fam\u00edlia e da religi\u00e3o, por meio da cultura e da educa\u00e7\u00e3o. Apesar de n\u00e3o ter base factual, a teoria encontrou terreno f\u00e9rtil em setores da sociedade j\u00e1 predispostos a temer uma imagin\u00e1ria &#8220;doutrina\u00e7\u00e3o esquerdista&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img data-dominant-color=\"574a42\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"670\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/8.-Antonio-Augusto_Camara-dos-Deputados.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23374 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #574a42; width:341px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/8.-Antonio-Augusto_Camara-dos-Deputados.webp 1024w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/8.-Antonio-Augusto_Camara-dos-Deputados-300x196.webp 300w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/8.-Antonio-Augusto_Camara-dos-Deputados-768x503.webp 768w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/8.-Antonio-Augusto_Camara-dos-Deputados-370x242.webp 370w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/8.-Antonio-Augusto_Camara-dos-Deputados-270x177.webp 270w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/8.-Antonio-Augusto_Camara-dos-Deputados-570x373.webp 570w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/8.-Antonio-Augusto_Camara-dos-Deputados-740x484.webp 740w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/8.-Antonio-Augusto_Camara-dos-Deputados-150x98.webp 150w\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Bolsonaro  se colocava contra o uso do <a href=\"https:\/\/causosescolares.wordpress.com\/2018\/09\/26\/aparelho-sexual-e-cia-o-que-realmente-tem-nesse-livro\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">livro <\/a>de educa\u00e7\u00e3o sexual nas escolas, mesmo que n\u00e3o componha o <a href=\"https:\/\/portal.mec.gov.br\/component\/content\/?view=licitacoes&amp;limit=10&amp;Itemid=97&amp;msg=1&amp;l=aW5kZXgucGhwP29wdGlvbj1jb21fY29udGVudCZ2aWV3PWJ1c2NhZ2VyYWwmSXRlbWlkPTE2NCZwYXJhbXNbc2VhcmNoX3JlbGV2YW5jZV09ZWRpdGFsIFByb2V4dCZkPXMmcGFyYW1zW2RlXT0mcGFyYW1zW2F0ZV09JnBhcmFtc1tjYXRpZF09JnBhcmFtc1tzZWFyY2hfbWV0aG9kXT1hbGwmcGFyYW1zW29yZF09cHI=&amp;start=480\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">acervo <\/a>de licita\u00e7\u00f5es de obras&nbsp;do MEC \/ Antonio Augusto\/C\u00e2mara dos Deputados<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>A figura de Bolsonaro j\u00e1 ascendia como \u00edcone nacional. Dois elementos foram cruciais para esse processo, segundo Demian Melo. Primeiro, a den\u00fancia fantasiosa do kit gay em 2011, quando Bolsonaro ainda era deputado federal e se colocou contra o <a href=\"https:\/\/share.google\/ZJ6YHIHQgUDpvhymk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">livro Aparelho Sexual e Cia<\/a> e o programa <a href=\"https:\/\/share.google\/T32KsGsVlhQDiEVx9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Escola Sem Homofobia<\/a>. A segunda pe\u00e7a que alavancou Bolsonaro foi o combate \u00e0 <a href=\"http:\/\/cnv.memoriasreveladas.gov.br\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Comiss\u00e3o Nacional da Verdade<\/a>, que restabeleceu os la\u00e7os do ex-presidente com o comando das For\u00e7as Armadas.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Do-Bolsonarismo-ao-golpe\">Do Bolsonarismo ao golpe<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"padlet-embed\" style=\"border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.1);border-radius:2px;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:100%;background:#F4F4F4\"><p style=\"padding:0;margin:0\"><iframe src=\"https:\/\/padlet.com\/embed\/kuqw07apcia5xz59\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"camera;microphone;geolocation;display-capture;clipboard-write\" style=\"width:100%;height:608px;display:block;padding:0;margin:0\"><\/iframe><\/p><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:end;margin:0;height:28px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/padlet.com?ref=embed\" style=\"display:block;flex-grow:0;margin:0;border:none;padding:0;text-decoration:none\" target=\"_blank\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/padlet.net\/embeds\/made_with_padlet_2022.png\" width=\"114\" height=\"28\" style=\"padding:0;margin:0;background:0 0;border:none;box-shadow:none\" alt=\"Criado com o Padlet\"><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Segundo o cientista pol\u00edtico e professor da PUC Minas <a href=\"https:\/\/somos.pucminas.br\/professor\/malco-braga-camargos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Malco Camargos<\/a>, a tentativa de ruptura n\u00e3o come\u00e7ou no dia 8 de janeiro, mas foi sendo constru\u00edda ao longo do mandato anterior. \u201cDesde antes da elei\u00e7\u00e3o, j\u00e1 havia um movimento de deslegitima\u00e7\u00e3o das institui\u00e7\u00f5es, principalmente daquelas que t\u00eam o papel de controlar o Governo federal, como a imprensa, a universidade e, acima de tudo, o Judici\u00e1rio. As cr\u00edticas ao Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE) foram uma constante.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O saudosismo da ditadura, associado \u00e0 aposta em um \u201csalvador da p\u00e1tria\u201d, alimentou uma base radicalizada e fiel. A constru\u00e7\u00e3o dessa imagem de Bolsonaro como mito foi impulsionada pela manipula\u00e7\u00e3o religiosa, por alian\u00e7as com setores econ\u00f4micos e pela propaganda constante nas redes sociais.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Como explica o soci\u00f3logo <a href=\"https:\/\/somos.pucminas.br\/professor\/robson-savio-reis-souza\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Robson S\u00e1vio,<\/a> professor da PUC Minas e ex-coordenador da <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.br\/memoriasreveladas\/pt-br\/assuntos\/comissoes-da-verdade\/estaduais\/comisso-da-verdade-em-minas-gerais_relatrio-final_2017-compressed.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Comiss\u00e3o da Verdade em Minas Gerais<\/a>, o governo n\u00e3o passou uma semana sequer sem lan\u00e7ar algum ataque \u00e0s institui\u00e7\u00f5es, sempre buscando fragiliz\u00e1-las para justificar, no futuro, uma ruptura.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Muito antes do atentado em Bras\u00edlia, o pa\u00eds j\u00e1 testemunhava sinais de desestabiliza\u00e7\u00e3o institucional. Ainda durante a campanha eleitoral de 2022, Jair Bolsonaro e seus aliados come\u00e7aram a questionar abertamente a legitimidade do processo eleitoral, especialmente das urnas eletr\u00f4nicas, sem prova concreta. <\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><img data-dominant-color=\"887c77\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"888\" height=\"480\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 888px) 100vw, 888px\" src=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/9.GOVERNADORES-Zanone-Fraissat-Folhapress-21-10-2022.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23384 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #887c77; width:398px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/9.GOVERNADORES-Zanone-Fraissat-Folhapress-21-10-2022.webp 888w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/9.GOVERNADORES-Zanone-Fraissat-Folhapress-21-10-2022-300x162.webp 300w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/9.GOVERNADORES-Zanone-Fraissat-Folhapress-21-10-2022-768x415.webp 768w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/9.GOVERNADORES-Zanone-Fraissat-Folhapress-21-10-2022-370x200.webp 370w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/9.GOVERNADORES-Zanone-Fraissat-Folhapress-21-10-2022-270x146.webp 270w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/9.GOVERNADORES-Zanone-Fraissat-Folhapress-21-10-2022-570x308.webp 570w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/9.GOVERNADORES-Zanone-Fraissat-Folhapress-21-10-2022-740x400.webp 740w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/9.GOVERNADORES-Zanone-Fraissat-Folhapress-21-10-2022-150x81.webp 150w\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Tarc\u00edsio de Freitas (Republicanos), Bolsonaro (PL) e Romeu Zema (Novo) \/ Foto: Zanone-Fraissat \/ Folhapress<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Ap\u00f3s a derrota nas elei\u00e7\u00f5es presidenciais de 2022, esses ataques se intensificaram, criando uma narrativa de que o resultado seria fruto de uma fraude, narrativa que alimentou os protestos e bloqueios em rodovias, a instala\u00e7\u00e3o de acampamentos em frente a quart\u00e9is militares e, por fim, a invas\u00e3o em Bras\u00edlia. O interessante \u00e9 que a fraude s\u00f3 teria ocorrido para os advers\u00e1rios de Bolsonaro, visto que pessoas ligadas ao ex-presidente tamb\u00e9m foram eleitas no mesmo processo eleitoral, como o governador <a href=\"https:\/\/sp.gov.br\/sp\/institucional\/estrutura\/governador\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Tarc\u00edsio de Freitas (Republicanos)<\/a> em S\u00e3o Paulo, o senador Hamilton Mour\u00e3o (Republicanos-RS), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mg.gov.br\/governadoratual\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Romeu Zema (Novo)<\/a> em Minas Gerais e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rj.gov.br\/pagina\/sobre-o-governo9806\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Claudio Castro (PL)<\/a> no Rio de Janeiro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Desinforma\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Durante o governo Bolsonaro (2019-2022), houve uma campanha sistem\u00e1tica de desinforma\u00e7\u00e3o sobre as urnas eletr\u00f4nicas, iniciada ainda em 2018 com alega\u00e7\u00f5es nunca comprovadas de fraude. O governo manteve o tom de desconfian\u00e7a, em 2019, com Bolsonaro repetindo cr\u00edticas ao sistema e a deputada Bia Kicis (PL) apresentando uma <a href=\"https:\/\/share.google\/XY4oXzV59CDFRc3As\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">PEC para o voto audit\u00e1vel<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Em 2020, os ataques se intensificaram, com Bolsonaro citando teorias conspirat\u00f3rias e aproveitando eventos internacionais, como a elei\u00e7\u00e3o nos EUA, para comparar supostas fraudes. J\u00e1 em 2021, ap\u00f3s a rejei\u00e7\u00e3o da PEC do voto impresso, o governo promoveu manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es como a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/portuguese\/brasil-58152592\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">tanqueata<\/a>. Em 2022, o PL contratou um relat\u00f3rio tendencioso, e Bolsonaro se<a href=\"https:\/\/g1.globo.com\/politica\/noticia\/2022\/07\/18\/bolsonaro-reune-embaixadores-para-repetir-sem-provas-suspeitas-ja-esclarecidas-sobre-urnas.ghtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> reuniu com embaixadores<\/a> para atacar as urnas. O \u00e1pice foi o envolvimento do<a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hacker_de_Araraquara\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> hacker Walter Delgatti<\/a>, recrutado por aliados bolsonaristas para forjar provas de fraude, em um plano articulado para deslegitimar as elei\u00e7\u00f5es e invadir o sistema do <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnj.jus.br\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Conselho Nacional de Justi\u00e7a (CNJ)<\/a> juntamente com a ent\u00e3o deputada da base bolsonarista <a href=\"https:\/\/www.camara.leg.br\/deputados\/204507\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Carla Zambelli (PL-SP).<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><img data-dominant-color=\"5c544b\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"506\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" src=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/a-deputada-federal-carla-zambelli-pl-sp-e-o-hacker-da-vaza-jato-walter-delgatti-1660167258521_v2_900x506.jpg.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23391 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #5c544b; width:402px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/a-deputada-federal-carla-zambelli-pl-sp-e-o-hacker-da-vaza-jato-walter-delgatti-1660167258521_v2_900x506.jpg.webp 900w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/a-deputada-federal-carla-zambelli-pl-sp-e-o-hacker-da-vaza-jato-walter-delgatti-1660167258521_v2_900x506.jpg-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/a-deputada-federal-carla-zambelli-pl-sp-e-o-hacker-da-vaza-jato-walter-delgatti-1660167258521_v2_900x506.jpg-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/a-deputada-federal-carla-zambelli-pl-sp-e-o-hacker-da-vaza-jato-walter-delgatti-1660167258521_v2_900x506.jpg-370x208.webp 370w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/a-deputada-federal-carla-zambelli-pl-sp-e-o-hacker-da-vaza-jato-walter-delgatti-1660167258521_v2_900x506.jpg-270x152.webp 270w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/a-deputada-federal-carla-zambelli-pl-sp-e-o-hacker-da-vaza-jato-walter-delgatti-1660167258521_v2_900x506.jpg-570x320.webp 570w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/a-deputada-federal-carla-zambelli-pl-sp-e-o-hacker-da-vaza-jato-walter-delgatti-1660167258521_v2_900x506.jpg-740x416.webp 740w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/a-deputada-federal-carla-zambelli-pl-sp-e-o-hacker-da-vaza-jato-walter-delgatti-1660167258521_v2_900x506.jpg-150x84.webp 150w\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">hacker Walter Delgatti e Carla Zambelli \/ Foto: Reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o X<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Nos dias que antecederam o segundo turno de 2022, Bolsonaro e aliados tentaram adiar as elei\u00e7\u00f5es, alegando <a href=\"https:\/\/g1.globo.com\/politica\/eleicoes\/2022\/noticia\/2022\/10\/26\/moraes-indefere-pedido-da-campanha-de-bolsonaro-sobre-insercoes-em-radios.ghtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">irregularidades na veicula\u00e7\u00e3o <\/a>de propaganda em r\u00e1dio. O TSE rejeitou as acusa\u00e7\u00f5es por falta de provas, mas o clima de instabilidade j\u00e1 estava criado. Paralelamente, a Pol\u00edcia Rodovi\u00e1ria Federal realizou <a href=\"https:\/\/piaui.folha.uol.com.br\/eleicoes-2022\/agente-da-prf-comemora-no-whatsapp-bloqueio-eleitores-de-lula\/\">opera\u00e7\u00f5es suspeitas no Nordeste<\/a>, regi\u00e3o onde Lula tinha mais apoio, dificultando que os eleitores chegassem \u00e0s urnas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"O-apoio-popular-ao-8-de-janeiro-e-ao-bolsonarismo\">O apoio popular ao 8 de janeiro e ao bolsonarismo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>O 8 de janeiro \u00e9 s\u00edmbolo de eros\u00e3o de uma parcela institucional da democracia, mas n\u00e3o \u00e9 a \u00fanica dimens\u00e3o em que a democracia no Brasil \u00e9 fragilizada. Ou seja, a inconst\u00e2ncia democr\u00e1tica n\u00e3o \u00e9 temporal, mas em fun\u00e7\u00e3o da classe social.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-text-color has-link-color has-normal-font-size wp-elements-aaa2dfd346d560cd5fd83996d649a260\" style=\"color:#1b8f5b\">Nara Scabin, professora do PPGCOM da PUC Minas<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Conforme explica o professor e mestre em Ci\u00eancias Sociais <a href=\"https:\/\/www.escavador.com\/sobre\/4477844\/wallison-alves-brandao\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wallison Brand\u00e3o<\/a>, os grupos mais radicais da extrema direita tinham o desejo de permanecer no poder. Ele define o poder, por meio da Teoria Geral do Direito, de Norberto Bobbio, como um meio para um fim. Na leitura dele, no caso de Bolsonaro, a finalidade era ter um Estado que pudesse tutelar a sociedade e ser um vetor de promo\u00e7\u00e3o de determinados valores, supostamente conservadores.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Com apoio de setores da popula\u00e7\u00e3o ao bolsonarismo e \u00e0 ideia de invadir e destruir a sede dos Tr\u00eas Poderes, o ambiente era prop\u00edcio \u00e0 ruptura democr\u00e1tica. Afinal, 58.206.322 pessoas votaram em Bolsonaro no segundo turno em 2022 e cerca de quatro mil pessoas participaram dos ataques antidemocr\u00e1ticos do 8 de janeiro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Identifica\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Demian alerta que n\u00e3o podemos reduzir o apoio popular da direita \u00e0 ignor\u00e2ncia, pois essa lealdade est\u00e1 ligada \u00e0 capacidade da extrema direita de traduzir frustra\u00e7\u00f5es reais. Ou seja, mesmo que essa tradu\u00e7\u00e3o aponte para um projeto que n\u00e3o \u00e9 vi\u00e1vel, os apoiadores se sentem representados e se apegam a isso.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u00e1 uma dimens\u00e3o profunda dessa crise da democracia neoliberal que o 8 de Janeiro traz \u00e0 tona. Segundo Nara, \u00e9 o fato de que para muitas parcelas da popula\u00e7\u00e3o brasileira que nunca acessaram de fato as garantias democr\u00e1ticas, sequer faz sentido falar em defesa da democracia hoje.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img data-dominant-color=\"6f7570\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"860\" height=\"570\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 860px) 100vw, 860px\" src=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/10.Marcelo-Camargo-Agencia-Brasil.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23385 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #6f7570; width:383px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/10.Marcelo-Camargo-Agencia-Brasil.webp 860w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/10.Marcelo-Camargo-Agencia-Brasil-300x199.webp 300w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/10.Marcelo-Camargo-Agencia-Brasil-768x509.webp 768w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/10.Marcelo-Camargo-Agencia-Brasil-370x245.webp 370w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/10.Marcelo-Camargo-Agencia-Brasil-270x179.webp 270w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/10.Marcelo-Camargo-Agencia-Brasil-570x378.webp 570w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/10.Marcelo-Camargo-Agencia-Brasil-740x490.webp 740w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/10.Marcelo-Camargo-Agencia-Brasil-150x99.webp 150w\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Pesquisadores explicam o apoio popular ao bolsonarismo \/ Foto: Marcelo Camargo \/ Ag\u00eancia Brasil<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Quando as camadas mais vulner\u00e1veis se encontram sem o apoio e a presen\u00e7a do Estado,&nbsp; agarrando-se a qualquer expectativa de melhoria de vida, encontram no bolsonarismo uma resposta aos seus anseios e frustra\u00e7\u00f5es e se disp\u00f5em a lutar por ele.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Al\u00e9m disso, ela explica que o apoio dessas camadas n\u00e3o \u00e9 por motiva\u00e7\u00f5es econ\u00f4micas, j\u00e1 que a a extrema direita n\u00e3o atende aos interesses de classe, mas oferece uma resposta moral para sua condi\u00e7\u00e3o de humilha\u00e7\u00e3o constante.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Quando as for\u00e7as democr\u00e1ticas dizem que precisamos derrotar o bolsonarismo e a extrema direita em nome da democracia, para vastas parcelas da popula\u00e7\u00e3o, isso n\u00e3o significa nada, porque a democracia nunca passou de uma abstra\u00e7\u00e3o vazia, explica Nara.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Segundo a professora, a extrema direita passou a ocupar nos \u00faltimos anos um espa\u00e7o historicamente ocupado pelas esquerdas, levando as pessoas \u00e0s ruas, para fazer protestos e mobiliza\u00e7\u00f5es, e conseguiu emplacar a esp\u00e9cie de sa\u00edda insurrecional que foi o 8 de janeiro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A\u00e7\u00f5es falhas que permitiram o Bolsonarismo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Para Demian Melo, a ascens\u00e3o de Bolsonaro s\u00f3 foi poss\u00edvel a partir da normaliza\u00e7\u00e3o de figuras da extrema direita, tornando-as aceit\u00e1veis. Essa normaliza\u00e7\u00e3o passou, inclusive, pelo Judici\u00e1rio, hoje alvo do bolsonarismo. Segundo ele, essa esfera criou condi\u00e7\u00f5es para que Bolsonaro chegasse ao poder.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><img data-dominant-color=\"66584d\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"627\" height=\"416\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 627px) 100vw, 627px\" src=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capturar-1.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23386 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #66584d; width:389px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capturar-1.webp 627w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capturar-1-300x199.webp 300w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capturar-1-370x245.webp 370w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capturar-1-270x179.webp 270w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capturar-1-570x378.webp 570w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capturar-1-150x100.webp 150w\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Pesquisadores explicam a motiva\u00e7\u00e3o para o apoio popular \u00e0 Bolsonaro e \u00e0 Extrema Direita \/ Foto: Pilar Olivares\/Reuters<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>\u201cAlexandre de Moraes <a href=\"https:\/\/g1.globo.com\/politica\/noticia\/2018\/09\/11\/stf-rejeita-denuncia-contra-jair-bolsonaro-por-crime-de-racismo.ghtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">engavetou um processo<\/a> acusando Bolsonaro de ser racista em 2018, o que inviabilizaria a candidatura dele. Esse mesmo Supremo negou o habeas corpus preventivo de Lula e permitiu que ele fosse preso numa situa\u00e7\u00e3o absolutamente ilegal\u201d, defende o historiador.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A professora Nara ressalta que a esquerda n\u00e3o tem dado conta de se mobilizar e de se articular politicamente entre as camadas empobrecidas, sobretudo nas periferias das grandes cidades brasileiras abrindo espa\u00e7o para que a extrema direita atuasse. \u201cA gente precisa lembrar do trabalho que tem sido feito ao longo de anos pela extrema direita por meio das igrejas, em especial as neopentecostais, pelo crime organizado e de outras a\u00e7\u00f5es sociais filantr\u00f3picas nas periferias\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O historiador Demian corrobora com essa tese, e diz que apenas a crise neoliberal n\u00e3o determina que a sa\u00edda vai ser a extrema direita, isso depende da rela\u00e7\u00e3o de for\u00e7as pol\u00edticas. Se tiv\u00e9ssemos uma esquerda que n\u00e3o estivesse desmoralizada, o cen\u00e1rio poderia ter sido diferente, segundo ele.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Contexto-internacional\"><strong>Contexto internacional<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Nos \u00faltimos anos \u00e9 poss\u00edvel acompanhar diversos ataques \u00e0 democracia ao redor do mundo, como a <a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ataque_ao_Capit%C3%B3lio_dos_Estados_Unidos_em_2021#:~:text=O%20ataque%20ao%20Capit%C3%B3lio%20dos,casas%20legislativas%20se%20reuniriam%20para\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">invas\u00e3o do Capit\u00f3lio<\/a> e as pol\u00edticas de Donald Trump nos Estados Unidos, a ado\u00e7\u00e3o de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/portuguese\/articles\/cq5gr7gzv5eo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">pris\u00e3o em massa<\/a> pelo governo de El Salvador, a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/portuguese\/articles\/c74587kq52lo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">tentativa de golpe<\/a> na Coreia do Sul, as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/pt-br\/it%C3%A1lia-aprova-lei-que-dificulta-obten%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-cidadania-veja-o-que-muda\/a-72617433\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">medidas anti-cidadania<\/a> para estrangeiros na It\u00e1lia, e a invas\u00e3o da sede dos Tr\u00eas Poderes no Brasil, em 8 de janeiro de 2023. S\u00e3o exemplos de uma crescente presen\u00e7a da extrema direita e das pr\u00e1ticas violentas ou de exce\u00e7\u00e3o na condu\u00e7\u00e3o de pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-gridlove-bg-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Invas\u00e3o ao capit\u00f3lio:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-3 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e6bae5907b4&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69e6bae5907b4\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img data-dominant-color=\"765843\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #765843;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"450\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" data-id=\"23394\" src=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-AFP.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23394 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-AFP.webp 750w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-AFP-300x180.webp 300w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-AFP-370x222.webp 370w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-AFP-270x162.webp 270w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-AFP-570x342.webp 570w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-AFP-740x444.webp 740w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-AFP-150x90.webp 150w\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Ampliar\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">AFP<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e6bae590a8f&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69e6bae590a8f\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img data-dominant-color=\"6a6471\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #6a6471;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1008\" height=\"672\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1008px) 100vw, 1008px\" data-id=\"23393\" src=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-John-Minchillo-AP.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23393 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-John-Minchillo-AP.webp 1008w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-John-Minchillo-AP-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-John-Minchillo-AP-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-John-Minchillo-AP-370x247.webp 370w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-John-Minchillo-AP-270x180.webp 270w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-John-Minchillo-AP-570x380.webp 570w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-John-Minchillo-AP-740x493.webp 740w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-John-Minchillo-AP-150x100.webp 150w\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Ampliar\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">John Minchillo &#8211; AFP<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e6bae590c89&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69e6bae590c89\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img data-dominant-color=\"796f68\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #796f68;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1086\" height=\"652\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1086px) 100vw, 1086px\" data-id=\"23392\" src=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-SAUL-LOEB-AFP.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23392 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-SAUL-LOEB-AFP.webp 1086w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-SAUL-LOEB-AFP-300x180.webp 300w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-SAUL-LOEB-AFP-1024x615.webp 1024w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-SAUL-LOEB-AFP-768x461.webp 768w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-SAUL-LOEB-AFP-370x222.webp 370w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-SAUL-LOEB-AFP-270x162.webp 270w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-SAUL-LOEB-AFP-570x342.webp 570w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-SAUL-LOEB-AFP-740x444.webp 740w, https:\/\/blogfca.pucminas.br\/colab\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CAPITOLIO-SAUL-LOEB-AFP-150x90.webp 150w\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Ampliar\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">SAUL LOEB &#8211; AFP<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>O professor Wallison Brand\u00e3o, tamb\u00e9m pesquisador dos golpes de estado na Am\u00e9rica Latina, explica que mesmo quando o mundo sai de um cen\u00e1rio de bipolaridade, como havia na <a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guerra_Fria\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Guerra Fria<\/a>, para um cen\u00e1rio multipolar, como o atual, os Estados Unidos continuam sendo a pot\u00eancia hegem\u00f4nica do ponto de vista militar. Mas n\u00e3o do ponto de vista econ\u00f4mico, pois passa a dividir espa\u00e7o com outras pot\u00eancias, como a China.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cA associa\u00e7\u00e3o entre Brasil, R\u00fassia, \u00cdndia, China e \u00c1frica do Sul, agora com outros parceiros, atrav\u00e9s do <a href=\"https:\/\/brics.br\/pt-br\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">BRICS<\/a>, faz com que os golpes de estado militares caiam em desuso e o neogolpismo se transforme em uma op\u00e7\u00e3o\u201d, explica o professor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A tentativa de golpe de Bolsonaro \u00e9 novidade no meio contempor\u00e2neo, segundo Brand\u00e3o. E por mais que o contexto internacional favore\u00e7a o crescimento da extrema direita, em 2023 o presidente dos Estados Unidos era Joe Biden, n\u00e3o t\u00e3o favor\u00e1vel a golpes de estado. Para Wallison, se Donald Trump fosse presidente dos Estados Unidos em 2023, o 8 de janeiro n\u00e3o seria apenas uma tentativa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Confira alguns pa\u00edses, al\u00e9m do Brasil, que vivem uma presente e percept\u00edvel ascens\u00e3o da extrema direita:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"padlet-embed\" style=\"border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.1);border-radius:2px;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:100%;background:#F4F4F4\"><p style=\"padding:0;margin:0\"><iframe src=\"https:\/\/padlet.com\/embed\/doi8y3vjptv167mf\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"camera;microphone;geolocation;display-capture;clipboard-write\" style=\"width:100%;height:608px;display:block;padding:0;margin:0\"><\/iframe><\/p><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:end;margin:0;height:28px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/padlet.com?ref=embed\" style=\"display:block;flex-grow:0;margin:0;border:none;padding:0;text-decoration:none\" target=\"_blank\"><div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/padlet.net\/embeds\/made_with_padlet_2022.png\" width=\"114\" height=\"28\" style=\"padding:0;margin:0;background:0 0;border:none;box-shadow:none\" alt=\"Criado com o Padlet\"><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background\" style=\"background-color:#e7fde7\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"A-extrema-direita\"><strong>A extrema direita<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Conforme especialistas ouvidos pela reportagem, entre as caracter\u00edsticas mais comuns das pr\u00e1ticas da extrema direita &#8211; ou ultra direita &#8211; est\u00e3o a deprecia\u00e7\u00e3o do &#8220;politicamente correto&#8221;, a nostalgia pelos regimes autorit\u00e1rios e a valoriza\u00e7\u00e3o de teorias conspirat\u00f3rias e negacionistas, al\u00e9m da pr\u00e1tica de chamar os discordantes de comunistas. O que vale \u00e9 o discurso \u201cmoral\u201d e ultraconservador, a luta anticomunista e pr\u00f3-meritocracia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Uma coisa \u00e9 ser conservador, outra \u00e9 ser de direita, e outra \u00e9 ser extremista. \u00c9 poss\u00edvel uma pessoa conservadora defender a democracia, assim como algu\u00e9m mais alinhado ao espectro pol\u00edtico da direita. Enquanto o conservadorismo \u00e9 um pensamento pol\u00edtico que defende as institui\u00e7\u00f5es sociais tradicionais, como fam\u00edlia e religi\u00e3o, tradi\u00e7\u00f5es e conven\u00e7\u00f5es, o extremismo de direita ou ultra consservadorismo vai defender tais valores, mas de modo radicalizado e pouco aberto a negocia\u00e7\u00f5es e ao di\u00e1logo democr\u00e1tico. Pode ainda chegar ao limite de desejar a elimina\u00e7\u00e3o de um grupo social ao qual discorde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dentre as justificativas para a crescente presen\u00e7a e amplia\u00e7\u00e3o da extrema direita em v\u00e1rias partes do mundo, est\u00e3o a de que isso seria uma resposta ao aumento dos direitos fundamentais das minorias sociais no fim do s\u00e9culo XX, a partir das lutas identit\u00e1rias e dos movimentos sociais. Entretanto, para Nara Scabin, apenas uma contrarresposta n\u00e3o \u00e9 suficiente para explicar a complexa presen\u00e7a neoliberal reacion\u00e1ria na pol\u00edtica. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tanto Wallison Brand\u00e3o quanto Demian Melo, acrescentam o<strong> <\/strong>contexto internacional<strong> <\/strong>no avan\u00e7o da extrema direita. Para Melo, h\u00e1 uma alian\u00e7a estrat\u00e9gica entre pa\u00edses &#8211; como aconteceu no per\u00edodo da Segunda Guerra, com<a href=\"https:\/\/www12.senado.leg.br\/noticias\/especiais\/arquivo-s\/alcado-a-ditador-ha-90-anos-hitler-afetou-rumos-da-politica-do-brasil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> Hitler (Alemanha) <\/a>e <a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benito_Mussolini\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mussolini (It\u00e1lia),<\/a> e com a <a href=\"https:\/\/cnv.memoriasreveladas.gov.br\/index.php\/2-uncategorised\/417-operacao-condor-e-a-ditadura-no-brasil-analise-de-documentos-desclassificados\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Opera\u00e7\u00e3o Condor<\/a>, pacto que firmou as ditaduras na Am\u00e9rica Latina. Isso faz com que exista circula\u00e7\u00e3o de agendas e de apoio, como por exemplo, a institui\u00e7\u00e3o de inimigos imagin\u00e1rios comuns.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u00c9 um momento muito importante no s\u00e9culo XXI, porque, desde a derrota dos alem\u00e3es e do fascismo na Segunda Guerra Mundial, \u00e9 a primeira vez que os partidos e os grupos de extrema direita se constituem como alternativas para v\u00e1rios setores na Europa, nos Estados Unidos e na Am\u00e9rica do Sul. Existe um processo de unidade e proximidade entre esses grupos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-text-color has-link-color has-normal-font-size wp-elements-020786497a024b606c76b41ddbcd0468\" style=\"color:#1b8f5b\">Wallison Brand\u00e3o, professor e mestre em Ci\u00eancias Sociais<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Preserva\u00e7\u00e3o do status quo<\/strong><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Robson alerta que o poder pol\u00edtico nas sociedades capitalistas est\u00e1 sempre ligado ao poder econ\u00f4mico, que costuma se sobrepor. As elites apoiadoras de Bolsonaro, segundo ele, tiveram ganhos em seu mandato. Ele destaca que, de modo geral, as elites se beneficiam com governos autorit\u00e1rios. Isso acontece porque s\u00e3o governos que geralmente favorecem a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de riqueza e renda na m\u00e3o de poucos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nara concorda e completa que, para essas classes, o golpe representaria uma forma de ampliar ainda mais o acesso a privil\u00e9gios pol\u00edticos e econ\u00f4micos, apoiando-se em uma perspectiva de pol\u00edtica econ\u00f4mica neoliberal, que n\u00e3o faria concess\u00e3o a medidas minimamente redistributivas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>No Brasil, os governos autorit\u00e1rios se aliam e se aliaram ao poder militar, pol\u00edtico e econ\u00f4mico. O golpe de Estado numa sociedade capitalista s\u00f3 resulta em sucesso quando o poder econ\u00f4mico se associa ou com poder pol\u00edtico ou com poder militar ou com ambos, para implementar uma ruptura institucional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-text-color has-link-color has-normal-font-size wp-elements-2d2c96fabfa770b2e8d05527fc610427\" style=\"color:#1b8f5b\">Robson S\u00e1vio, soci\u00f3logo e professor da PUC Minas<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-gridlove-bg-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-9595fc5ffb4123ce6d7d57e219076384\" style=\"background-color:#1b8f5b\"><strong>Produ\u00e7\u00e3o: <\/strong>Mariana Brand\u00e3o, Julia Melga\u00e7o, Wallison Leandro, Izabella Gomes e Danielly Camargos<br><strong>Reportagem:<\/strong> Mariana Brand\u00e3o, Julia Melga\u00e7o, Wallison Leandro, Izabella Gomes e Danielly Camargos<br><strong>Edi\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/strong> Professora e jornalista Fernanda Sanglard<br><strong>Arte e edi\u00e7\u00e3o de imagens:<\/strong> Mariana Brand\u00e3o<br><strong>Infografia: <\/strong>Mariana Brand\u00e3o<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\r\n.entry-content a {\r\n  color: #1b8f5b !important;\r\n  font-weight: bold;\r\n  text-decoration: none !important;\r\n  border-bottom: none !important;\r\n  box-shadow: none !important;\r\n  transition: color 0.3s ease, border-bottom-color 0.3s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.entry-content a:hover {\r\n  color: #145635 !important;\r\n  text-decoration: underline !important;\r\n  text-decoration-color: #145635 !important;\r\n  border-bottom: none !important;\r\n  box-shadow: none !important;\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\n\n\n\n<style>\r\n.fundo-pagina {\r\n  position: fixed;\r\n  top: 0; 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